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Spitfire,

The Spitfire was designed by Reginald Mitchell of Supermarine Ltd. in response to a 1934 Air Ministry specification calling for a high-performance fighter with an armament of eight wing-mounted .303-inch machine guns. The airplane was a direct descendant of a series of float-planes designed by Mitchell to compete for the coveted Schneider Trophy in the 1920s. One of these racers, the S.6, set a world speed record of 357 miles (580 kilometres) per hour in 1929. Designed around a 1,000-horsepower, 12-cylinder, liquid-cooled Rolls Royce PV-12 engine (later dubbed the Merlin), the Spitfire first flew in March 1935. It had superb performance and flight characteristics, and deliveries to operational Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons commenced in the summer of 1938. A more radical design than the Hurricane, the Spitfire had a stressed-skin aluminum structure and a graceful elliptical wing with a thin airfoil that, in combination with the Merlin's efficient two-stage supercharger, give it exceptional performance at high altitudes.
The version of the Spitfire that fought in the Battle of Britain was powered by a Merlin engine of 1,030 horsepower. The plane had a wingspan of 36 feet 10 inches (11.2 metres), was 29 feet 11 inches long, and reached a maximum speed of 360 miles per hour and a ceiling of 34,000 feet. Faster than its formidable German opponent, the Bf 109, at altitudes above 15,000 feet and just as maneuverable, Spitfires were sent by preference to engage German fighters while the slower Hurricanes went for the bombers. More Hurricanes than Spitfires served in the Battle of Britain, and they were credited with more “kills,” but it can be argued that the Spitfire's superior high-altitude performance provided the margin of victory.

Spitfire airplane
Meanwhile, Supermarine was developing more capable versions of the Spitfire driven by progressively more powerful Merlins. The eight .303-inch machine guns gave way to four 20-millimetre automatic cannons, and by war's end the Spitfire had been produced in more than 20 fighter versions alone, powered by Merlins of up to 1,760 horsepower. Though outperformed by the German Fw 190 during 1942-43, the Spitfire regained the advantage and remained a first-line air-to-air fighter throughout the war, though its short range limited it to tactical missions. Spitfires were used in the defense of Malta, in North Africa and Italy, and, fitted with tail hooks and strengthened tail sections, from Royal Navy aircraft carriers as Seafires from June 1942. Spitfires helped to provide air superiority over the Sicily, Italy, and Normandy beachheads and served in the Far East from the spring of 1943. Fighter-bomber versions could carry a 250- or 500-pound (115- or 230-kilogram) bomb beneath the fuselage and a 250-pound bomb under each wing.

Pilot uniform

One of the Spitfire's most important contributions to Allied victory was as a photo reconnaissance aircraft from early 1941. Superior high-altitude performance rendered it all but immune from interception, and the fuel tanks that replaced wing-mounted machine guns and ammunition bays gave it sufficient range to probe western Germany from British bases.
In late 1943, Spitfires powered by Rolls Royce Griffon engines developing as much as 2,050 horsepower began entering service. Capable of top speeds of 440 miles per hour and ceilings of 40,000 feet, these were used to shoot down V-1 “Buzz Bombs.” During World War II Spitfires were exported in small numbers to Portugal, Turkey, and the Soviet Union, and they were flown by the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe. When production ceased in 1947, 20,334 Spitfires of all versions had been produced, 2,053 of them Griffon-powered versions.
Fighter versions of the Spitfire were dropped from RAF service during the early 1950s, while photoreconnaissance Spitfires continued in service until 1954.